In recent years, significant progress has been made in the surgical treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. The innovation of minimally invasive techniques has become a key development direction. Laparoscopic techniques have been widely used in colorectal cancer and gastric cancer, and their short-term efficacy and safety have been confirmed by multiple studies.Laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery significantly shortens the recovery time and reduces complications by reducing incision trauma and improving operational accuracy. In addition, robotic surgery, with the advantages of highly flexible instruments and three-dimensional field of vision, demonstrates higher flexibility and accuracy in complex anatomical areas. However, it still has problems such as high cost, long operation time and lack of tactile feedback. For emerging technologies, nano-carbon tracer technology improves the accuracy of lymph node dissection for gastric cancer by precisely locating sentinel lymph nodes. Photodynamic therapy provides a non-invasive treatment option for patients with early gastric cancer by selectively killing tumor cells. In the future, minimally invasive techniques and artificial intelligence will be further integrated to promote personalized and precise treatment. Strengthen the multidisciplinary collaboration model and integrate surgery, immunotherapy and gene-targeted therapy; Optimize diagnosis and treatment strategies by leveraging big data and enhance service accessibility through telemedicine. Overall, surgical treatment of gastrointestinal tumors is moving towards an era that is more minimally invasive, precise and individualized.