As a product of the profound integration of medicine and engineering, robotic surgery has evolved over more than three decades into a cornerstone of minimally invasive procedures, now widely applied in urology, general surgery, gynecology, and neurosurgery. Robotic platforms exemplified by the da Vinci system have markedly enhanced operative precision, three-dimensional visualization, and procedural stability; however, limitations persist in haptic feedback, human–machine interaction, and system integration. Looking ahead, robotic surgery is poised to advance toward greater subspecialization, miniaturization, natural orifice approaches, and intelligent functionality. The integration of artificial intelligence will catalyze breakthroughs in autonomous navigation, optimized force feedback, data-driven decision-making, and postoperative surveillance, enabling a transition from master–slave assistance to higher levels of automation. This evolution promises not only enhanced safety and accuracy, but also a profound transformation of personalized medicine and contemporary models of diagnosis and treatment.