近年来，胃肠道肿瘤的外科治疗取得了显著进展，微创技术的革新成为关键发展方向，腹腔镜技术已在结直肠癌和胃癌中广泛应用，其短期疗效与安全性得到多项研究证实。腹腔镜结直肠癌手术通过减少切口创伤、提高操作精准度，显著缩短恢复时间并降低并发症；此外，机器人外科手术凭借高灵活度器械和三维视野优势，在复杂解剖区域中展现出更高的灵活性及准确性，但其仍存在成本高、手术时间长及缺乏触觉反馈等问题。对于新兴技术，纳米碳示踪技术通过精准定位前哨淋巴结，提高了胃癌淋巴清扫的准确性；光动力疗法则通过选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞，为早期胃癌患者提供了非侵入性治疗选择。未来将进一步融合微创技术与人工智能，推动个性化精准治疗；强化多学科协作模式，整合手术、免疫治疗及基因靶向治疗；利用大数据优化诊疗策略，并通过远程医疗提升服务可及性。总体而言，胃肠道肿瘤外科治疗正在迈向更微创、精准和个体化的时代。

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the surgical treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. The innovation of minimally invasive techniques has become a key development direction. Laparoscopic techniques have been widely used in colorectal cancer and gastric cancer, and their short-term efficacy and safety have been confirmed by multiple studies.Laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery significantly shortens the recovery time and reduces complications by reducing incision trauma and improving operational accuracy. In addition, robotic surgery, with the advantages of highly flexible instruments and three-dimensional field of vision, demonstrates higher flexibility and accuracy in complex anatomical areas. However, it still has problems such as high cost, long operation time and lack of tactile feedback. For emerging technologies, nano-carbon tracer technology improves the accuracy of lymph node dissection for gastric cancer by precisely locating sentinel lymph nodes. Photodynamic therapy provides a non-invasive treatment option for patients with early gastric cancer by selectively killing tumor cells. In the future, minimally invasive techniques and artificial intelligence will be further integrated to promote personalized and precise treatment. Strengthen the multidisciplinary collaboration model and integrate surgery, immunotherapy and gene-targeted therapy; Optimize diagnosis and treatment strategies by leveraging big data and enhance service accessibility through telemedicine. Overall, surgical treatment of gastrointestinal tumors is moving towards an era that is more minimally invasive, precise and individualized.